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Founded on 19 September 2004, Real Sociedad reached the first division after two promotions in its two first seasons ever, and occupying the place of dissolved Estudiantes de Huelva.

After a ninth position in their first season, the club quickly consolidated in the top flight. In 2011, Real Sociedad reached the semifinals of the Copa de la Reina for the first time.

In February 2019, a Basque derby league fixture hosted by Real Sociedad against Athletic Bilbao, which would usually be held at the club's Zubieta training centre, was played at the Anoeta Stadium, attracting an attendance of 21,234 (the result was a 2–2 draw). The following week, the same venue hosted a semi-final of the Copa de la Reina in which Real defeated Sevilla 3–1 in front of 18,731 fans to reach the final of the competition for the first time. On 11 May 2019, the club achieved their first ever major trophy by beating Atlético Madrid 2–1 in the final of the Copa de la Reina, played in Granada. The win granted entry to the newly-established Supercopa de España Femenina, but after overcoming Levante to reach its final, they suffered a humiliating 1–10 defeat to Barcelona. Their first UEFA Women's Champions League tie, after finishing second behind Barcelona in the 2021–22 Primera División, was against FC Bayern of Germany and ended in elimination by a 4–1 aggregate score (Synne Jensen had the distinction of scoring the first European goal).

Reserves

The club's B-team, established in 2018, plays in the Primera Nacional (3rd level) having gained promotion from the Gipuzkoa provincial league in their first year of operation and from the Basque regional league a year later. A C-team was launched in 2021.